Research & References
The information presented on this page is informed by peer-reviewed research, including systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and randomized controlled trials examining cupping, gua sha, and therapeutic heat.
Selected research:
- Cupping & Low Back Pain — Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials examining the effects of cupping on pain and disability associated with low-back pain. Complementary Therapies in Medicine (2024).
- Cupping & Pain-Related Outcomes — Systematic review and meta-analysis examining randomized controlled trials of cupping across pain-related conditions. (2025).
- Gua Sha & Chronic Low Back Pain — Randomized controlled trial examining the effects of gua sha on pain intensity and perceived health status. Pain Medicine (2019).
- Heat Therapy & Musculoskeletal Pain — Systematic review and meta-analysis examining the effects of local heat applications on musculoskeletal conditions. (2021).
Our approach to research
SOL references research surrounding the individual wellness practices incorporated into our rituals. These studies do not constitute clinical testing of SOL products themselves, and research findings should not be interpreted as a guarantee of individual results.
We believe wellness marketing should be aspirational and responsible—which means being transparent about what research suggests, where evidence is limited, and what remains to be studied.